Data | Kelvin Law

Datasets

Live Academic Use

30 STI Constituents

Singapore Sustainability Disclosure Tracker

What do Singapore’s largest listed companies actually disclose about sustainability?

Academic Use

Journal of Accounting Research 2026

Diversity tokenism

Director and executive race/ethnicity data for U.S. public companies.

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Singapore Sustainability Disclosure Tracker

30 STI constituents | FY2024/25 | 28 core variables per issuer

Last updated: 12 March 2026

What do Singapore’s largest listed companies actually disclose about sustainability? This tracker codes 28 core variables across frameworks (GRI, ISSB, TCFD, TNFD), climate emissions (Scope 1–3), external assurance, governance, and nature/biodiversity for all 30 Straits Times Index constituents.

Audience: Researchers, regulators, and practitioners studying sustainability disclosure quality in Asia-Pacific markets.
Usage notes: Unit of observation is one issuer-year. Records what companies disclose, not how well they perform. No scores or rankings are computed. See the codebook for variable definitions and coding rules.
Coverage: All 30 STI constituents as of March 2026. Most reports cover FY ending Dec 2024; non-calendar FY companies (SIA, Singtel, Mapletree trusts, Frasers trusts, SGX, Thai Bev, SATS) use their latest available reports.
Quality assurance: Initial coding is LLM-assisted and stored with page-level evidence. Ambiguous, visual, or disputed cases are rechecked against the underlying PDF before corrections are synced back to the source files and live tracker.
Access: Free for academic and educational use. The live tracker is public; for raw data access, contact klaw@ntu.edu.sg.

Dimension	Adoption
GRI Standards	29/30 (97%)
ISSB S2 (Climate)	24/30 (80%)
TCFD	27/30 (90%)
Scope 1 & 2 quantitative	29/30 (97%)
External assurance	20/30 (67%)
TNFD-aligned disclosure	5/30 (17%)

Explore Tracker Codebook Standards Timeline

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Diversity tokenism

Journal of Accounting Research 2026, 64(1): 317–363

Director and executive race/ethnicity data for U.S. public companies.

Audience: Researchers studying board diversity, corporate governance, or DEI compliance.
Usage notes: Data covers director and executive demographics across U.S. public firms. Requires a brief form submission for access.
DOI/Archive: 10.1111/1475-679X.70019

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Academic Use

The Accounting Review 2022

Taxes and haven activities

172,513 firm-years of textual analysis identifying active versus passive haven usage.

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Academic Use

Journal of Financial Reporting 2023

Good-bye I/B/E/S (or not?)

Stata codes and linking table for matching IBES vintage data.

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Taxes and haven activities: Evidence from linguistic cues

The Accounting Review 2022 | 172,513 firm-years | 1993–2025 | Updated annually

Last updated: April 2026

Textual analysis of 10-K filings to identify firms actively using tax havens versus passively holding haven subsidiaries.

Audience: Tax researchers, corporate finance scholars, and regulators studying offshore tax planning.
Usage notes: 172,513 firm-years covering 1993 to 2025. Updated annually. Includes both firm-level active haven scores and country-level tax planning opportunity measures.
DOI/Archive: 10.2308/TAR-2020-0163

Request Access Country Tax Planning Paper

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Good-bye I/B/E/S (or not?)

Journal of Financial Reporting 2023 | Stata codes and linking table

Last updated: 2025

Stata codes and linking table for matching IBES vintage data without methodological pitfalls.

Audience: Empirical accounting and finance researchers who use analyst forecast data from I/B/E/S.
Usage notes: Includes Stata do-files and a linking table. Addresses known matching errors in standard IBES-CRSP/Compustat merges. See annual updates for the latest corrections.
DOI/Archive: 10.2308/JFR-2021-031

Request Access Paper Tutorial 2023 Update 2024 Update 2025 Update

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Replication Files

Open Access

Management Science 2025

AI and audit firms

Open Access

Management Science 2022

Immigration and minority advisors

Open Access

Management Science 2021

Economy and financial advisors

How Does Artificial Intelligence Shape Audit Firms?

Management Science 2025

Replication package for “How Does Artificial Intelligence Shape Audit Firms?”

Audience: Researchers studying AI adoption in auditing and professional services.
Usage notes: Full replication package hosted by INFORMS. Includes code and data to reproduce all tables and figures.
DOI/Archive: 10.1287/mnsc.2022.04040.

Download from INFORMS Paper

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Public concern about immigration and customer complaints against minority financial advisors

Management Science 2022

Replication materials for “Public concern about immigration and customer complaints against minority financial advisors.”

Audience: Researchers in discrimination, behavioral finance, or financial regulation.
Usage notes: Full replication package hosted by INFORMS. Includes code and data to reproduce all analyses.
DOI/Archive: 10.1287/mnsc.2021.4283.

Download from INFORMS Paper

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How does the economy shape the financial advisory profession?

Management Science 2021

Replication materials for “How does the economy shape the financial advisory profession?”

Audience: Researchers studying labor markets, financial advisors, or economic cycles.
Usage notes: Full replication package hosted by INFORMS. Includes code and data to reproduce all analyses.
DOI/Archive: 10.1287/mnsc.2020.3655.

Download from INFORMS Paper

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Open Access

J. of Accounting Research 2019

Criminal background checks

Replication package for investor protection through background checks.

Academic Use

J. of Accounting Research 2015

Taxes and financial constraints

IRS Audit Adjustment Score formula and Loughran-McDonald dictionary.

Financial gatekeepers and investor protection: Evidence from criminal background checks

Journal of Accounting Research 2019

Replication materials for “Financial gatekeepers and investor protection: Evidence from criminal background checks.”

Audience: Researchers in financial regulation, investor protection, or criminal justice.
Usage notes: Replication package hosted by the Journal of Accounting Research. Includes code and data for all analyses.
DOI/Archive: 10.1111/1475-679X.12265.

Download from JAR Paper

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Taxes and financial constraints: Evidence from linguistic cues

Journal of Accounting Research 2015

IRS Audit Adjustment Score formula and supplementary materials.

Audience: Tax researchers studying IRS enforcement and corporate tax sheltering.
Usage notes: Includes the IRS Audit Adjustment Score formula (text file) and a link to the Loughran-McDonald dictionary used for textual analysis.
DOI/Archive: 10.1111/1475-679X.12081.

IRS Formula Loughran-McDonald Paper

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Software

Fama-French industry classifications in Stata

Convert SIC, NAICS, ISIC Revision 4, or NACE Revision 2 codes to Fama-French industries. All four commands support the 5, 10, 12, 17, 30, 38, 48, and 49 industry schemes. Version 1.1 is available on SSC.

Choose a command for your input classification. Examples generate FF48 classifications.
Command	Your input	Example: FF48
sic_to_ff	SIC	`sic_to_ff sic, gen(ff48) scheme(48)`
naics_to_ff	NAICS	`naics_to_ff naics, gen(ff48) scheme(48)`
isic_to_ff	ISIC Rev. 4	`isic_to_ff isic4, gen(ff48) scheme(48)`
nace_to_ff	NACE Rev. 2	`nace_to_ff nace2, gen(ff48) scheme(48)`

ssc install sic_to_ff
ssc install naics_to_ff

The naics_to_ff package includes isic_to_ff, nace_to_ff, and their mapping files. Replace sic, naics, isic4, or nace2 in the examples with your variable name.

sic_to_ff: 2,153 SSC download equivalents
naics_to_ff: 752.3 SSC download equivalents

December 2025 to August 2026. Includes updates and repeat downloads.

Monthly downloads

sic_to_ff

naics_to_ff

FewerMore

Hover, focus, or tap a square for its monthly count.

SSC adjusts file downloads to package equivalents, so some counts are fractional. These are not unique-user counts. ISIC and NACE commands are included in the naics_to_ff package.

Source: SSC monthly download files. Both packages use the same colour scale.

Checked 12 September 2026.

Open Source

Stata module | SSC

sic_to_ff

SIC codes to Fama-French industry classifications.

Open Source Stata Journal forthcoming

Stata module | SSC

naics_to_ff

NAICS, ISIC, and NACE codes to Fama-French industry classifications.

sic_to_ff

Stata module | SSC

SSC updated: 16 December 2025 | Version 1.1

Converts SIC codes to Fama-French industry classifications. Accepts numeric or string SIC codes and supports a primary and fallback SIC variable.

Audience: Stata users in empirical accounting and finance who need Fama-French industry classifications.
Usage notes: Version 1.1 is available on SSC. Supports all eight Fama-French schemes and optional industry labels.
Archive: SSC S459550.
License and terms: See the SSC record.

                        ssc install sic_to_ff
                    

SSC Archive

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naics_to_ff

Stata module | SSC | Accepted, forthcoming in The Stata Journal

SSC updated: 25 April 2026 | Version 1.1

Converts NAICS codes to Fama-French industry classifications. Version 1.1 includes isic_to_ff for ISIC Revision 4, nace_to_ff for NACE Revision 2, and the mapping files used by all three commands.

Audience: Stata users in empirical accounting and finance who need Fama-French classifications from NAICS, ISIC, or NACE codes.
Usage notes: Version 1.1 is available on SSC. Install sic_to_ff and naics_to_ff to get all four commands. The NAICS command supports mapping diagnostics, a fallback SIC variable, and weights calculated from your own data.
Archive: SSC S459554.
License and terms: See the SSC record.

                        ssc install naics_to_ff
                    

Preprint (SSRN) SSC Archive

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